Lithography as a printing technique and its impact on form and content in the field of contemporary ceramics

The ceramic industry is based on clay material, which is characterized by the property of plasticity, which is to retain any impact or pressure on its surface, and the evidence for this is that it retains the print of the old potter's finger on it to this day and also the presence of decorative models on it, which indicates that the potter is the first to use printing in the world, the ceramic surface design is the external appearance of the  product and the technique used to obtain this appearance is an aesthetic input and an added value for the design of ceramic surfaces, and it was treated The ceramic surface in the beginning tended mostly to decoration or to give an aesthetic sense to the ceramic form, then surface treatments began to be characterized to express the nature of each era and evolved until it became an expression of the personality of the artist and his individuality, so the enrichment of the ceramic surface was always what occupies the potter artist since ancient times. (Hassan Rashid Abdelaziz, 2000)
        The ceramic industry has evolved and was more affected by technology and the use of modern machines in its manufacture, which helped to develop the field of ceramic art, so the potter artist began to benefit from this scientific development in addition to the various technical fields to develop his techniques and to enrich his ceramic works, including the field of printing, which was benefited from most of its multiple images and techniques in the field of ceramics in line with porcelain and its nature, so artists used many different printing methods on ceramic surfaces to add meaning or to enrich the surface or To confirm a certain idea that the artist aims to (Hoda Ahmed Raja Hashem, 2013)
      Which led to the development of ceramic techniques for ceramic surface treatments in the modern era in addition to the development of tools and implementation machines, and this resulted from great technological progress and the interaction between different sciences and benefit from the applications of modern scientific theories and these techniques decoration using (lithograph) and printing of various types (silk screen) and using ceramic printing machines by inkjet Ceramic inkjet printers The importance of research lies in familiarity with these modern techniques to keep pace with the tremendous technological development in the field of surface treatment, especially ceramic tiles, and how to benefit from the diversity of historical techniques in the different stages of production, and link them with printing techniques for the decoration and treatment of ceramic surfaces.